- Youth and family management practices, including monitoring, age-appropriate parental expectations, and consistent discipline
- Effective and empathetic parent-child communication
- Promotion of healthy beliefs and clear standards
- Family bonding and supportive family involvement
- Goal setting and positive future orientation
- Positive parent-child affect
- Emotional management
- Pro-social family values
- Peer pressure refusal skills
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- Child and family management practices, including harsh, inappropriate, or inconsistent discipline, indulgence, poor parental monitoring, demanding/rejecting behavior, and poor communication of rules
- Youth aggressive or withdrawn behavior
- Favorable attitudes toward problem behaviors and substance use
- Friends who engage in problem behaviors – Negative peer influences
- Poor social and stress management skills
- Family conflict
- Early initiation of problem behaviors
- Early and persistent antisocial behavior
- Poor school performance
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